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In mathematics, a projection is a mapping of a set (or other mathematical structure) into a subset (or sub-structure), which is equal to its square for mapping composition (or, in other words, which is idempotent). The restriction to a subspace of a projection is also called a ''projection'', even if the idempotence property is lost. An everyday example of a projection is the casting of shadows onto a plane (paper sheet). The projection of a point is its shadow on the paper sheet. The shadow of a point on the paper sheet is this point itself (idempotence). The shadow of a three-dimensional sphere is a circle. Originally, the notion of projection was introduced in Euclidean geometry to denote the projection of the Euclidean space of three dimensions onto a plane in it, like the shadow example. The two main projections of this kind are: * The projection from a point onto a plane or central projection: If ''C'' is a point, called the center of projection, then the projection of a point ''P'' different from ''C'' onto a plane that does not contain ''C'' is the intersection of the line ''CP'' with the plane. The points ''P'' such that the line ''CP'' is parallel to the plane do not have any image by the projection, but one often says that they project to a point at infinity of the plane (see projective geometry for a formalization of this terminology). The projection of the point ''C'' itself is not defined. * The projection parallel to a direction D, onto a plane: The image of a point ''P'' is the intersection with the plane of the line parallel to ''D'' passing through ''P''. See for an accurate definition, generalized to any dimension. The concept of projection in mathematics is a very old one, most likely having its roots in the phenomenon of the shadows cast by real world objects on the ground. This rudimentary idea was refined and abstracted, first in a geometric context and later in other branches of mathematics. Over time differing versions of the concept developed, but today, in a sufficiently abstract setting, we can unify these variations. In cartography, a map projection is a map of a part of the surface of the Earth onto a plane, which, in some cases, but not always, is the restriction of a projection in the above meaning. The 3D projections are also at the basis of the theory of perspective. The need for unifying the two kinds of projections and of defining the image by a central projection of any point different of the center of projection are at the origin of projective geometry. However, a projective transformation is a bijection of a projective space, a property ''not'' shared with the ''projections'' of this article. == Definition == In an abstract setting we can generally say that a ''projection'' is a mapping of a set (or of a mathematical structure) which is idempotent, which means that a projection is equal to its composition with itself. A projection may also refer to a mapping which has a left inverse. Both notions are strongly related, as follows. Let ''p'' be an idempotent map from a set ''E'' into itself (thus ''p''∘''p'' = ''p'') and ''F'' = ''p''(''E'') be the image of ''p''. If we denote by π the map ''p'' viewed as a map from ''E'' onto ''F'' and by ''i'' the injection of ''F'' into ''E'', then we have ''i''∘π = Id''F''. Conversely, ''i''∘π = Id''F'' implies that π∘''i'' is idempotent. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Projection (mathematics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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